immutables ========== .. image:: https://travis-ci.org/MagicStack/immutables.svg?branch=master :target: https://travis-ci.org/MagicStack/immutables .. image:: https://ci.appveyor.com/api/projects/status/tgbc6tq56u63qqhf?svg=true :target: https://ci.appveyor.com/project/MagicStack/immutables .. image:: https://img.shields.io/pypi/v/immutables.svg :target: https://pypi.python.org/pypi/immutables An immutable mapping type for Python. The underlying datastructure is a Hash Array Mapped Trie (HAMT) used in Clojure, Scala, Haskell, and other functional languages. This implementation is used in CPython 3.7 in the ``contextvars`` module (see PEP 550 and PEP 567 for more details). Immutable mappings based on HAMT have O(log N) performance for both ``set()`` and ``get()`` operations, which is essentially O(1) for relatively small mappings. Below is a visualization of a simple get/set benchmark comparing HAMT to an immutable mapping implemented with a Python dict copy-on-write approach (the benchmark code is available `here `_): .. image:: bench.png Installation ------------ ``immutables`` requires Python 3.5+ and is available on PyPI:: $ pip install immutables API --- ``immutables.Map`` is an unordered immutable mapping. ``Map`` objects are hashable, comparable, and pickleable. The ``Map`` object implements the ``collections.abc.Mapping`` ABC so working with it is very similar to working with Python dicts. import immutables map = immutables.Map(a=1, b=2) print(map['a']) # will print '1' print(map.get('z', 100)) # will print '100' print('z' in map) # will print 'False' Since Maps are immutable, there is a special API for mutations that allow apply changes to the Map object and create new (derived) Maps:: map2 = map.set('a', 10) print(map, map2) # will print: # # map3 = map2.delete('b') print(map, map2, map3) # will print: # # # Maps also implement APIs for bulk updates: ``MapMutation`` objects:: map_mutation = map.mutate() map_mutation['a'] = 100 del map_mutation['b'] map_mutation.set('y', 'y') map2 = map_mutation.finish() print(map, map2) # will print: # # ``MapMutation`` objects are context managers. Here's the above example rewritten in a more idiomatic way:: with map.mutate() as mm: mm['a'] = 100 del mm['b'] mm.set('y', 'y') map2 = mm.finish() print(map, map2) # will print: # # Further development ------------------- * An immutable version of Python ``set`` type with efficient ``add()`` and ``discard()`` operations. License ------- Apache 2.0